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Description.

What is COVID-19?

COVID-19 has taken a huge toll on the population worldwide in terms of major illness and death.

Many countries including Canada have now seen multiple waves of COVID-19, each causing a range of reactions to the virus.

Some people just developed mild symptoms, like a cough and cold, and feeling more tired than usual while others experienced very severe symptoms including admission to the intensive care and being placed on a ventilator, unable to breathe on their own. It has been recognized that the elderly and those with existing medical conditions, are at increased risk of having a severe outcomes such as hospitalization and death.

How does COVID-19 spread?

COVID-19 is spread by droplets and viral particles that are released into the air when an infected person breathes, talks, laughs, sings, coughs, or sneezes.

Larger droplets can fall to the ground within seconds, but tiny infectious particles can remain airborne and accumulate indoors, especially in crowded, poorly ventilated places. Therefore, facemask use, hand hygiene and isolation practices for persons infected with COVID-19 are essential to prevent transmission.

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Influenza A virus entry

Influenza A viruses (IAV) represent a major human health burden and are therefore the subject of intense research. Of particular interest is the entry of IAV into host cells, as early stages of infection are the ideal target for intervention strategies. In this article, we review recent key findings in the field of IAV entry. Specifically, we discuss the identification of novel entry receptors, the emerging role of viral neuraminidase in entry, as well as recent advances in structural studies on viral hemagglutinin during the fusion process and the viral matrix protein involved in viral envelope loss. We also highlight remaining gaps in our understanding of IAV entry and point out important issues for ongoing research.

The best way to prevent the flu is through annual vaccination. Each flu vaccine protects against three or four different flu viruses within that year’s flu season.

Other ways to prevent getting the flu include:

How long is it contagious?

If you have the flu, you are contagious from at least one day before you start experiencing symptoms until five days after the onset of symptoms.

In more severe cases, you may be contagious even longer after you start experiencing symptoms. This number can fluctuate if your immune system is weak or underdeveloped, especially in children or older adults.

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What is influenza B?

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It can vary in severity from mild to severe and, in some cases, can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis or worsening of chronic diseases such as asthma or heart disease. Rarely, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation and, occasionally, death.

Symptoms of Influenza B may include:

How can you help prevent influenza B?

Prevention and control of influenza B can be supported by vaccination, good hygiene practices, and antiviral medications. It is important for everyone in your family to get a flu vaccine every year.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone 6 months and older receive their annual flu vaccine by the end of October, ideally before the start of flu season.

However, if you haven’t gotten your flu shot yet, there’s still time! The vaccine is still highly recommended for anyone who has not been vaccinated. Not only does it help protect against the flu, but it significantly reduces the risk of serious complications, such as hospitalizations or even death.

The flu vaccine does not cause the flu and helps prevent children and parents from getting sick. Babies younger than 6 months old cannot get the vaccine. But if their parents, other caregivers and older children in the household get it, it can help protect the baby.

How is influenza B transmitted?

Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks. It is common for people to cover their mouths when they cough, but they should then wash their hands as our hands are a common way to contaminate surfaces or to pass the virus to others through a friendly handshake.

What is the treatment for influenza B?

Treatment for Influenza B mainly focuses on easing symptoms while the body fights off the virus. Antiviral medications can help shorten the duration and reduce the severity of symptoms. Antiviral medication should be strongly considered when influenza (A or B) is diagnosed or when someone is seeking medical attention for influenza like illness (ILI). This is of greater importance in children and other people with underlying diseases which or require treatments that weaken the immune system or with chronic respiratory illness like asthma.

How contagious is influenza B?

Influenza B is highly contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

People with the flu can be contagious about one day before symptoms start and up to five to seven days after they begin to feel sick. However, young children may remain contagious for a longer period than adults. Individuals with weakened immune systems can be contagious for several weeks. 

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What is RSV?

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) is a virus that can cause a respiratory infection in infants, children and adults of all ages. An RSV infection usually causes a mild cold that goes away in a week or two. But sometimes it can cause severe symptoms and complications, especially in children under 5 years of age, adults over 65 and people with weakened immune systems.

Washing your hands often and avoiding large groups during the respiratory season can help keep you and your family healthy. If you or your child gets RSV, home care is usually enough to control symptoms until the infection goes away. But some people need hospital care to fully recover.

What causes RSV?

RSV is a virus. It isn’t a bacterial infection. The specific virus responsible is a respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV for short.

How is RSV spread?

You catch RSV from close contact with someone with the infection or by touching a contaminated object and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. In either case, saliva, mucus and snot are the vehicles that carry the virus from one person to another.

RSV can live on hard surfaces like tables for several hours. Meanwhile, if you touch that surface, you can pick up the virus on your hands. Washing your hands removes the virus and ends its journey there. But if you touch your face first, the virus can enter your body and make you sick.

How contagious is RSV?

RSV is very contagious. You can easily spread the virus while you have symptoms, which is usually a period of three to eight days. RSV spreads through respiratory droplets that leave your body when you cough or sneeze.  

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